ACTIVITIES RELATED TO MUST, HAVE TO AND COMPARATIVES.

MUST AND HAVE TO
Examples
We have to get up early.

She had to work hard yesterday.

They will have to arrive early.

Does he have to go?
Usage.

Use 'have to' in the past, present and future to express responsibility or necessity. NOTE: 'have to' is conjugated as a regular verb and therefore requires an auxillary verb in the question form or negative.

Examples.

I must finish this work before I leave.

Must you work so hard?
Usages.
Use 'must' to express something that you or a person feels is necessary. This form is used only in the present and future.

Examples
You don't have to arrive before 8.

They didn't have to work so hard.

Usages
The negative form of 'have to' expresses the idea that something is not required. It is however, possible if so desired.

Examples
She mustn't use such horrible language.

Tom, you mustn't play with fire.

Usages
The negative form of 'must' expresses the idea that something is prohibitied - this form is very different in meaning than the negative of 'have to'!

IMPORTANT: The past form of 'have to' and 'must' is 'had to'. Must does not exist in the past.

Choose 5 professions from the list below and think about what a person doing that job has to do every day.

Professions and Jobs - What do they have to do?
architect
actor
air steward
author
chef
cook
dentist
doctor
driver bus
teacher


Must / Have to

Complete the following text:


My uncle Marty is an ambulance driver. His job is exciting but it isn't easy at all.

An ambulance driver _______________drive quickly when there is an

emergency. It's a good thing he ____________follow the traffic rules,

like everybody else. For example, he _____________stop at a red light:

however, he ___________drive carefully. At the same time, an

ambulance driver ___________be very calm. In order to become an

ambulance driver, you _____________take lots of special courses.

I'm thinking about becoming an ambulance driver when I grow up,

but I__________ decide yet.



Comparativos y superlativos.

Al igual que en español, en inglés cuando queremos comparar dos cosas utilizamos los adjetivos y sus distintos grados: positivo, comparativo y superlativo.
- El grado positivo refiere la forma más simple:
A sunny day / Un día soleado
- El grado comparativo refiere una cualidad mayor de una cosa respecto de otra.
A better day / Un día mejor
- El grado superlativo refiere la cualidad en su mayor expresión:
Today is the best day of the year / Hoy es el mejor día del año

CLASES DE COMPARACIÓN
-COMPARATIVO DE IGUALDAD
Se forma con el adjetivo intercalado entre la construcción "as...as" (tan...como) para frases afirmativas e interrogativas y "not as...as" o "not so...as" para las frases negativas.
I'm as young as you / soy tan joven como túam I as young as you? / ¿soy tan joven como tú?I'm not so young as you / no soy tan joven como tú
Podemos emplear tras el segundo 'as' el pronombre en caso nominativo o acusativo (He, his; She, her...)
He is as young as she; He is as young as her / Él es tan joven como ella
Si se trata de una comparación entre dos verbos, podemos usar la expresión "as much as" (tanto como) también en forma negativa
She does not work as much as she should / Ella no trabaja tanto como debería
Cuando la comparación se hace entre dos sustantivos se utiliza "as much as" para el singular y "as many as" para el plural.
I have as much work as my boss / Tengo tanto trabajo como mi jefeI have as many pencils as you / Tengo tantos lápices como tú
Si estamos comparando dos sustantivos contables (libros, coches, casas...) utilizaremos "as many... as", pero si estamos comparando dos sustantivos incontables (madera, tiempo, música...) usaremos la construcción "as much...as".
We have as many books as them / Tenemos tantos libros como ellosWe have as much space as them / Tenemos tanto espacio como ellos
- COMPARATIVO DE INFERIORIDAD
Se forma con el adjetivo intercalado entre la construcción "less...than" (menos...que), aunque es más usual encontrar la comparación de igualdad en forma negativa (que tiene el mismo significado).
He's less young than you / Él es menos joven que túHe's not as young as you / Él no es tan joven como tú (más usual)
Normalmente se emplea less para incontables y fewer para contables

- COMPARATIVO DE SUPERIORIDAD
Se forma de dos modos:
Añadiendo al adjetivo el sufijo -er para el comparativo de superioridad y

-est para el superlativo.
=
+ er
+ est
big (grande)
bigger (más grande)
biggest (el más grande)
Anteponiendo la palabra more (más) para el comparativo de superioridad y "the most" para el superlativo

intelligent / inteligente more intelligent / más inteligente the most intelligent / el más inteligente

Los adjetivos de una sola sílaba forman el comparativo y el superlativo con -er y -est
old, older, the oldest / viejonew, newer, the newest / nuevodark, darker, the darkest / oscuro
Los de dos sílabas que terminan en er, y, le y ow y los que tienen el acento (prosódico) en la última sílaba forman también el comparativo y el superlativo con -er y -est :

clever, cleverer, the cleverest (listo)

idle, idler, the idlest (perezoso)

happy, happier, the happiest (feliz)

narrow, narrower, the narrowest (estrecho)

El resto de adjetivos de dos sílabas y todos los de tres o más forman el comparativo con more y el superlativo con most.
interesting=more interesting, the most interesting (interesante)

COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS IRREGULARES
Algunos adjetivos forman el comparativo de manera irregular:

good, better, the best (bueno, mejor, el mejor)

bad, worse, the worst (malo, peor, el peor)

far, further, the furthest (lejano, más lejano, el más lejano)

CONSIDERACIONES
- Cuando un adjetivo termina en e solamente añade -r y -st para el comparativo y superlativo.
large, larger, the largest / grande, más grande, el más grande
- Cuando terminan en consonante + y cambian la y por i
easy, easier, the easiest / fácil
- Si termina en una sola consonante prededida de una sola vocal, duplica la consonante
big, bigger, the biggest / grande
- El segundo término de la comparación utiliza la forma than que corresponde al que español.
He is taller than his brother / Él es más alto que su hermano
- Cuando la comparación se realiza entre dos adjetivos se usa more.
She is more funny than happy / Ella es más alegre que feliz
- La expresión española "cada vez más" equivale en inglés a los dos comparativos del adjetivo.
The film is becoming more and more interesting / La película se vuelve cada vez más interesante

Activities.
Write the comparative.

Ex: small - smaller

1. good _________2. intelligent _________________3. old _____________

4. dark ____________5. bad _____________6. large ___________

7. narrow _______________8. new ______________9. easy ________________

10. funny ___________

- Completa las frases usando un comparativo.

Ex: My flat isn’t very big.I want a bigger flat.

1. My motorbike isn’t very fast. I’d like_________________.

2. My husband isn’t very rich. I need_________________.

3. Your computer is getting old now. You need_______________.

4. His camera isn’t very good. He needs___________________.

5. It isn’t very hot today. It was _________________yesterday.

6. I’m not very interested in football. I’m __________________in tennis.

- Escribe frases que signifiquen lo mismo usando ‘as………as’.

Ex: A Porsche is faster than a Skoda. – A Skoda isn’t as fast as a Porsche.

1. Football is more popular than cricket in Spain. Cricket isn’t _________________

2. I work harder than you. _______________________________

3. My car’s newer than yours. _____________________________

4. His watch is more expensive than hers. ________________________________

5. Your flat’s nicer than ours. ________________________________

6. Paris is colder than Casablanca. ________________________

- Completa las frases con un superlativo.

Ex: He’s a very good footballer. He’s the best footballer in Europe at the moment.

1. She’s a pretty girl. She’s ________________girl in my class.

2. There are many exciting cities in North America, but I think New York is_____________ .

3. August is a hot month in Spain. It’s usually _________________month of the year.

4. I was so happy when I got married. My wedding day was ______________day of my life.

5. It’s such an expensive restaurant. I think it’s the _______________restaurant in Madrid.

6. It’s a very interesting book. It’s one of the ____________________books I’ve ever read.

When you finish with these activities, write a composition using comparatives and superlatives. For example, you can compare 2 people you know or 2 cars you like.